Strabo ascertains that "among these fugitives were the generals of Queen Candace", queen of the Ethiopians. He describes her as "a masculine sort of woman, and blind in one eye." Strabo is almost certainly referring to Amanirenas, who bore the title of ''kandake''; "Candace" is a Latinization of her title and does not refer to a separate ruler. After capturing the fleeing forces, Petronius sent them to [[Alexandria]] to await judgment.

Strabo ascertains that "among these fugitives were the generals of Queen Candace", queen of the Ethiopians. He describes her as "a masculine sort of woman, and blind in one eye." Strabo is almost certainly referring to Amanirenas, who bore the title of ''kandake''; "Candace" is a Latinization of her title and does not refer to a separate ruler. After capturing the fleeing forces, Petronius sent them to [[Alexandria]] to await judgment.

Amanirenas herself resided at [[Napata]] with her son. As Petronius approached, taking [[Temple of Dakka|Pselchis]] and Premnis along the way, Amanirenas dispatched envoys and the message that she would return both the captives taken in Syene and the statues of Caesar. Her entreaty was ignored and the city was razed.{{cite web|title=The Global Egyptian Museum {{!}} Napata|url=http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/glossary.aspx?id=255|access-date=2022-12-05|website=www.globalegyptianmuseum.org}} Of the surviving captives he took, some were sold and others sent to Augustus as prisoners of war.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

Amanirenas herself resided at [[Napata]] with her son. As Petronius approached, taking [[Temple of Dakka|Pselchis]] and Premnis along the way, Amanirenas dispatched envoys and the message that she would return both the captives taken in Syene and the statues of Caesar. Her entreaty was ignored and the city was razed.{{cite web|title=The Global Egyptian Museum {{!}} Napata|url=http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/glossary.aspx?id=255|access-date=2022-12-05|website=www.globalegyptianmuseum.org}} Of the surviving captives he took, some were sold and others sent to Augustus as prisoners of war.="Page 141"/>

In response, Amanirenas led a second attack against the forces of Petronius left behind at Premnis. Strabo states she had “many thousands of men.” Petronius outmaneuvered Amanirenas and arrived at Premnis first, securing it against her attack. Amanirenas sent ambassadors, which Petronius had escorted to Augustus in Samos on his way to Syria. Augustus imposed no further tributes and fulfilled the ambassadors' wishes.{{cite web|title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVII Chapter 1 (§§ 25-54)|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A3*.html|access-date=2026-02-26|website=penelope.uchicago.edu |pp=141}}

In response, Amanirenas led a second attack against the forces of Petronius left behind at Premnis. Strabo states she had “many thousands of men.” Petronius outmaneuvered Amanirenas and arrived at Premnis first, securing it against her attack. Amanirenas sent ambassadors, which Petronius had escorted to Augustus in Samos on his way to Syria. Augustus imposed no further tributes and fulfilled the ambassadors' wishes.{{cite web|title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVII Chapter 1 (§§ 25-54)|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A3*.html|access-date=2026-02-26|website=penelope.uchicago.edu |pp=141}}

The [[Hamadab Stela]], which dates to the first century BC, is made of sandstone.{{cite web|title=stela {{!}} British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA1650|access-date=2022-12-05|website=The British Museum}} There are forty-five rows of Meroitic text, cursive and incised. The text mentions both Queen Amanirenas and King Akinidad, presumably her son. The incised image of the two, which features some deities, is lost; only the legs remain visible.{{cite book|last=Schellinger|first=Sarah Maria|title=An Analysis Of The Architectural, Religious, And Political Significance Of The Napatan And Meroitic Palaces|year=2017}}

The [[Hamadab Stela]], which dates to the first century BC, is made of sandstone.{{cite web|title=stela {{!}} British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA1650|access-date=2022-12-05|website=The British Museum}} There are forty-five rows of Meroitic text, cursive and incised. The text mentions both Queen Amanirenas and King Akinidad, presumably her son. The incised image of the two, which features some deities, is lost; only the legs remain visible.{{cite book|last=Schellinger|first=Sarah Maria|title=An Analysis Of The Architectural, Religious, And Political Significance Of The Napatan And Meroitic Palaces|year=2017}}

The stela was discovered by John Garstang, the archaeologist responsible for discovering the Meroë Head, in 1914. The stela stood at the doorway of a small temple, accompanied by a second stela on the opposite side. The stela is roughly two meters tall and one meter wide. It is incised with the Meroitic language.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

The stela was discovered by John Garstang, the archaeologist responsible for discovering the Meroë Head, in 1914. The stela stood at the doorway of a small temple, accompanied by a second stela on the opposite side. The stela is roughly two meters tall and one meter wide. It is incised with the Meroitic language. name=":5"/>

The deities incised alongside Amanirenas and Akinidad are possibly [[Amun]] and [[Mut]]; the latter figure is holding an [[ankh]], the Egyptian symbol of eternal life. Shackled prisoners are depicted beneath the ruling couple and the deities. Because the stela depicts the ruling couple with bound prisoners and dates to the first century BC, scholars believe the stela may provide a Kushite account of the campaign against Rome. It features the Meroitic term "Areme," which may translate as Rome.

The deities incised alongside Amanirenas and Akinidad are possibly [[Amun]] and [[Mut]]; the latter figure is holding an [[ankh]], the Egyptian symbol of eternal life. Shackled prisoners are depicted beneath the ruling couple and the deities. Because the stela depicts the ruling couple with bound prisoners and dates to the first century BC, scholars believe the stela may provide a Kushite account of the campaign against Rome. It features the Meroitic term "Areme," which may translate as Rome.>{{cite web |title=stela |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA1650?selectedImageId=335013001 |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=February 27, 2026 |quote=Sandstone stela; forty-five rows of incised cursive Meroitic inscription}}>

==See also==

==See also==